Preface
Thanks to Allah who has given me spirit for finishing this paper, and thanks to our lecturers who have tought me more about English.
In this paper, I explain about Modals, how to use modals, function of modals, and also I provide some examples so that the reader will be easy to understand what the writer means. As sources for completing this paper, I have looked up on some books were made in foreign countries, and I also used internet to looking for some sources.
The reasons why I made this paper are, this paper is my duty in lecture activity, beside that, I also like this assignment because I think duty like this can increase my capability at writing and make me more understand about modals and usage modals.
I admit that, this paper is not so perfect, because I have not been the one who expert at English language yet. So, therefore I apologize if I have made some mistakes whether at writing or at grammar structure on this paper.
contents
1. Introduction of modals………………………………………..1
2. The base rules of modals…………………………….….…….2
3. Pharasal modals……………………………………………… 3
4. Usage modals as polite request……………………….………4
5. Usage must or have to………………………………….……..6
6. Advisability: should, ought to, and had better……….……….7
7. Expectations: be supposed to ……………………….….…….8
8. Degrees of certainty………………………………….……….9
9. Usage can as ability…………………………………………11
10. Using would to express a repeated action in the past……….12
11. Expressing preference: would rather…………………..……12
Daftar pustaka:
1. Schrampfer azar, Betty.Understanding and Using English Grammar Third Edition.New York: Pearson Education, 1999
2. Celce-Murcia,Marianne and Larsen-Freeman,Diane.The Grammar Book An ESL/EFL Teacher’s Course second edition. Heinle & publisher, 1999
3. Murphy, Raymond. English Grammar In Use.United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.1994
4. Frank,Marcella.Modern English a practical reference guide.New jersey: prentice-hall,inc.1972
5. Frank,Marcella.Modern English part 1 part of speech. New jersey: prentice-hall,inc.1972
6. http://www.brighthub.com/education/languages/articles/37641.aspx
7. http://www.eslgold.com/grammar/basic_modals.html
MODALS
Introduction of modals
Modal verbs are common auxiliary verbs in Germanic languages including English that indicate modality. Modality is the grammaticalized expression of the subjective attitudes and opinions of the speaker including possibility, probability, necessity, obligation, permissibility, ability, desire, and contingency.[1]
According to Betty Schrampfer Azhar, the modal auxiliaries in English are can, could, had better, may, might, must, ought to, shall, should, will, would
Modal auxiliaries generally express speakers’ attitudes. For example, modal can express that a speaker feels something is necessary, advisable, permissible, possible, or probable ; and in addition , they can convey the strength of those attitudes.[2]
Each modal has more than one meaning or use.
Modals:
-can
-could
-had better
-may
-might
-must
-ought to
-shall
-should
-will
-would
The base rules of modals
Modal auxiliaries are among the more difficult structures ESL/EFL teachers have to deal with. One of the reasons for this is the form of modals. Some of your students, who have been told time and time again that present-tense verb with third person singular subject require an –s ending, overgeneralize this rule to modals- for example: *he cans play guitar. This overgeneralization results in errors because in English modal auxiliaries (can, may, shall, will, ect.) are distinguished from other auxiliary verbs ( be, have, do) as well as from ordinary verbs by their lack of tense and their resultant lack of subject-verb agreement; that is, modals do not inflect.[3]
Ø Modals do not take a final –s, even when the subject is she, he or it.
For example:
a) She can leave now
b) Incorrect: She cans leave now
Ø Modals are followed by only the base form of the verb and are not used alone unless there is a clear connection to a main verb[4]. For example:
a) She can leave now
b) Incorrect: she can leaves now / she can to leave now / she can left now
Ø The only exception is ought, which is followed by an infinitive (to + the simple form of a verb)
Example:
a) she ought to go to school now
b) Incorrect: she ought go to school now
Ø We must not put a modal after a modal
For example:
a) You will can if you think you can
b) Correct: you will be able if you think you can.
In (a) the speaker add can after will, whereas will and can are modals. So the case like this must not be happen. And the correction is in (b), we can put a phrasal modal after a modal.
Although most varieties of English only allow for the use of one modal verb per verb phrase, some English dialects such as Southern American English allow for multiple modals. For example, the double modal might could as in He might could build a new machine shed expresses both possibility and ability. However, prescriptive grammars proscribe against the use of double modals.[5]
Ø All auxiliaries share the ability to be directly followed by not in negatives, often in contracted form (they have not gone, we should not wait) and to be reversed with the subject in question ( has she gone? Should we go? )[6]
Pharasal modals
Phrasal modals are common expressions whose meaning are similar to those of some of the modal auxiliaries. For example: be able to is similar with can, be going to is similar with will. An infinitive (to + the simple from of a verb) is used in these similar expressions.[7]
Pharasal modals:
be able to = can, could
be going to, be about to = will, shall
have to, have got to = must
be to, be supposed to = should, ought to
used to = would (past habit)
be allowed to, be permitted to = may, might
Usage modals as polite request
To show respect and politeness, most people use modal
expressions when making requests.[8]
expressions when making requests.[8]
1) (I) as the subject
we can use may or could when we want to make a polite request
For example:
a) May I eat this bread?
b) Could I eat this bread?
We can use may I or could I for requesting permission, they are equally polite.
In this case, could I has meaning present or future, not past.
According to Betty Schrampfer azhar, can I is used informally situation, and if the speaker is talking to someone she/he knows fairly well, so the speaker may use Can I
Can I is usually considered a little less polite than May I or could I.
2) (you) as the subject
We can use would, could or will if we want to make a polite request with (you) as the subject
According to Betty Schrampfer azhar, would you and will you in polite request is the same, but would you is more common and often considered more polite than will you.
For example:
a) would you take my book please?
b) Will you take my book please?
We also can use can you as request, but it is often used informally situation, and also, it is considered less polite than could you or would you.
3) Polite Requests With Would You Mind
a) Would you mind If I went?
b) Would you mind if I broke the glass?
c) Would you mind closing the door ?
Notice in (a) would you mind if I is followed by the simple past, but sometimes in informal spoken English, the simple present is used: would you mind if I go? But if we use the simple past, it means do not refer to past time. It refers to present or future time.[9]
Notice in (c) would you mind is followed by –ing (a gerund). It means the second person is asked to close the window, whereas in (b) it means the first person is asking to second person so that he will be allowed to break the glass, and the first person will do that, not second person. In (a) (I) want to go, so he asks a question to second person. (a) is same as (b)
Usage must or have to
1. as necessity
the different between obligation and necessity is often one of degree only. While statements with should and ought to suggest a desirable course of action. Statement with must and have to suggest a more urgent course of action. Must is generally felt as stronger than have to.[10]
In the sense of necessity, the past form for must is had to – I had to meet my parents yesterday. This past tense is used in the sequence of tenses.[11]
For example:
He asks me, I must tell him.
Becomes: he asked me, I had to tell him.
Must and have to both express necessity, but have to is used more commonly than must. Must is usually stronger than have to and can indicate urgency or stress importance.[12]
Example: a. you must swallow the medicine, if you do not, you will die
b. You have to go for lunch, if you do not, your mother will be angry
in (a) is so important situation, whereas in (b) the situation is not more important.
in other source like this:
Must is personal. We use must when we give our personal feelings.’ You must go now’= I ( the speaker) say it is necessary’
Have to is impersonal. We use have to for fact, not for our personal feelings. ‘You have to follow the rule’ because of a rule in a place.[13]
for example:
a) you can not stop here, the green lamp is still turning on, you have to keep running (because of the traffic system.)
b) he is a good person, you must get him (I say this is necessary)
2. Lack of necessity and prohibition: have to and must in negative
When used in negative, must and have to have different meanings.[14]
For example:
a) I do not have to come to campus tomorrow, because I do not have any lecturer on tomorrow.
b) You must not be rude to your parents.
In (a) do not have to is lack of necessity, it is not necessity for (I) to come to class tomorrow because (I) will not have any lecturer on tomorrow.
In (b) must not is a prohibition = DO NOT DO THIS !!, so (you) is advised so that (you) do not be rude to his parents anymore
Advisability: should, ought to, and had better
For example:
a) You should work harder
b) You ought to work harder
c) The time is almost finish, we had better do this grammar task.
Should and ought to have the same meanings. They express advisability. Had better is close to should/ ought to, but had better is usually stronger. Often had better implies a warning or a threat of possible bad consequences. In (c) if we do not do the assignment, there will be a bad result.[15]
The past form of should
past form: should have + past participle
for example:
(+)I overslept this morning, I should have set my alarm last night
(-) she is not good person, I should not have married her.
Expectations: be supposed to
Be supposed to expresses the idea that someone (I, we, they, the teacher, lots of people, my father, ect.) expect something to happen. Be supposed to often express expectations about scheduled events.[16]
for example:
a) I am supposed to come to the cinema, my girl friend wants to watch the movie in this night.
In (a), (I) is not interested to come to the cinema, but, he is required to come because his girl friend likes the movie.
Be supposed to in the past (was/were supposed to) expresses unfulfilled expectations[17]
For example:
a) Abi was supposed to call me last night. I had something to say to her
In the example above, the speaker expected abi to call him, but abi did not.
Degrees of certainty:
1. present time
“Degrees of certainty” refers to how sure we are-what we think the chance-that something is true. If we are sure something is true in the present, we do not need to use modal.[18]
For example:
(-)who is her father?
(+)her father is you.
From the example above, there is no modal in the sentence, so it’s mean, speaker is sure 100% that her father is (you).
If we are not sure 100%, may be we are sure 95% of the fact, for example: we know someone is getting broken heart, because she is just broke up with her boy friend, and then she go in her room, and we can guess she must be crying now. So we can use “must” because we do not look at her directly while she was crying. So in conversation like this:
(-) what is Merry doing?
(+) she must be crying
Note: in this case, must does not mean necessity,
And we also can use may be, might be, or could be, but they express a weak degree of certainty. For example we want to make a guessing, or we are just sure about 50% of the fact.
2. Present time negative
For example:
(a) Sari is not sleepy
(b) Sari could not be sleepy
(c) Sari can not be sleepy
(d) Sari must not be sleepy
(e) Sari may not be sleepy
(f) Sari might not be sleepy
In (a) the speaker is sure that Sari is not sleepy, may be the speaker has been told by Sari that she had drunk a glass coffee or she full slept last night. And the speaker believes Sari 100%.
In (b) and (c) have same meanings. The speaker believe in Sari but rather less than in (a), the speaker may believe approximately 99%, therefore the speaker can use could or can.
In (d) the speaker more does not believe than using could or can, this is the speaker is sure approximately 95%.
In (e) and (f) have same meanings, the speaker is not much sure with the fact, the speaker is just sure less than 50%, it is like guessing.
3. Past time
For example:
(a) Anton was sick
(b) Anton must have been sick
(c) Anton may have been sick, Anton might have been sick, Anton could have been sick.
Explanation:
In (a) the speaker is sure 100%
In (b) the speaker is making a logical conclusion, for example: “ I saw Anton yesterday and found out that he was sick. I assume that, is a reason why he is not attending in our class.”
In (c) the speaker is mentioning one possibility. And the speaker is sure less than 50%.
4. Future time
For example:
(a) Jack will be smart
(b) Jack should be smart, Jack ought to be smart
(c) Jack may be smart, jack might be smart, jack could be smart.
Explanation:
In (a) the speaker is sure
In (b) the speaker is almost sure
In (c) the speaker is guessing.
5. Progressive form of modal
Progressive form, present time: modal + be + -ing
Meaning: in progress right now. Progress form, past time: modal + have been + -ing. Meaning: in progress at a time in the past.[19]
For example:
(a) do not make the radio volume too hard, the baby may be sleeping.
(b) No voice of the baby, the baby must be sleeping
(c) Budi was not in the class yesterday, he might have been visiting to his grandfather.
(d) Budi was not in the class yesterday, he had told me that he was visiting to his grandfather. He must have been visiting to his grandfather.
Explanation:
In (a) the speaker just guessing
In (b) the speaker have a clue that he do not heard baby’s voice, so he can use must, (a) and (b) mean progressive right now.
In (c) the speaker is guessing, because the speaker does not have some clue.
In (d) the speaker is almost sure, because Budi had told him before.
Usage can as ability
For example:
(a) They are stronger. They can run so fast.
(b) I can feel that you feel.
(c) Budi can play guitar. He is good at playing guitar.
(d) You are an rich man, I think You can buy an expensive car.
Explanation:
In (a) Can is used to express physical ability.
In (b) Can is frequently used with verb of the five senses: see, hear, feel, smell, taste,
In (c) can is used to express an acquired skill. Can play guitar=know how to play guitar.
In (d) can is used to express possibility. You can buy= it is possible to buy.
Using would to express a repeated action in the past
Would can be used to express an action that was repeated regularly in the past. When would is used to express this idea, it has same meaning as used to (habitual past)[20]
for example:
(a) When she was child, she would cry every night
(b) When she was child, she used to cry every night
Explanation: (a) and (b) have the same meaning.
Expressing preference: would rather
For example:
(a) I would rather do my grammar task than go to movie
(b) I would rather eat sate than eat gado-gado
Explanation:
Would rather express preference. In (a) notice that the simple form of a verb follows both would rather and than.
In (b) if the verb is the same, it usually is not repeated after than.[21]
Past form: would rather have + v3
For example: when I was child, I would rather have played than studied
Progressive form: would rather + be + -ing
Example: I would rather be swimming than running.
[1] http://www.brighthub.com/education/languages/articles/37641.aspx
[2] Understanding and Using English Grammar By Betty Schrampfer Azar, page.151
[3] The Gammar Book An ESL/EFL Teacher’s Course second edition by Marianne Celce-Murcia and Diane Larsen-Freeman, page.137
[4] http://www.eslgold.com/grammar/basic_modals.html
[5] http://www.brighthub.com/education/languages/articles/37641.aspx
[6] Modern English a practical reference guide by Marcella frank. Page. 94
[7] Understanding and using English Grammar third edition by Betty Schrampfer Azar. Page. 151
[8] http://www.eslgold.com/grammar/basic_modals.html
[9] Understanding and using English Grammar third edition by Betty Schrampfer Azar. Page. 153
[10] Modern English part 1 by Marcella frank. Page. 97
[11] Modern English a practical reference guide by Marcella frank. Page.99
[12] Understanding and using English Grammar third edition by Betty Schrampfer Azar. Page.157
[13] English Grammar In Use second edition by Raymond Murphy. Page.62
[14] Understanding and using English Grammar third edition by Betty Schrampfer Azar. Page.158
[15] Understanding and using English Grammar third edition by Betty Schrampfer Azar. Page.160
[16] Understanding and using English Grammar third edition by Betty Schrampfer Azar. Page. 166
[17] Understanding and using English Grammar third edition by Betty Schrampfer Azar. Page. 166
[18] Understanding and using English Grammar third edition by Betty Schrampfer Azar. Page.176
[19] Understanding and using English Grammar third edition by Betty Schrampfer Azar. Page 188
[20] Understanding and using English Grammar third edition by Betty Schrampfer Azar. Page. 195
[21] Understanding and using English Grammar third edition by Betty Schrampfer Azar. Page. 197
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