THE ADVERBS
BY:
Rendy Saputra 109014000135
Dany Darma Putra 109014000157
Ahmad Nur Saeful 109014000154
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TARBIYAH AND TEACHERS TRAINING
“SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH” STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY
JAKARTA
The adverbs
A. Definition of the adverbs
Adverbs are words used to describe actions. They give additional information about when, how, and where something is happening. Use adverbs to make your writing more precise and interesting.
As we will see, adverbs often tell when, where, why, or under what conditions something happens or happened. Adverbs frequently end in -ly; however, many words and phrases not ending in -ly serve an adverbial function and an -ly ending is not a guarantee that a word is an adverb. The words lovely, lonely, motherly, friendly, neighborly, for instance, are adjectives.
For example:
- The lovely girl lives in a friendly environment
Two words that have underlines above have ending –ly, but both of them are not adverbs, they are adjectives.
Example:
- the students showed a really wonderful attitude" and "the students showed a wonderfully casual attitude"
- my professor is really tall, but not "He ran real fast.”
B. Comparative and Superlative Forms of Adverbs
Like adjectives, adverbs can have comparative and superlative forms to show degree.
Example:
- Run faster if you want to go with me.
- The students who read fastest will finish first.
We often use more and most, less and least to show degree with adverbs
Example:
- With a motor cycle, he can go to school more quickly than his friend do
- Those flowers are the most beautifully arranged creations I have ever made
Some adverbs are used to compare different actions
Example:
- you can run fast. She can run faster. He can run the fastest.
- he spoke well. She spoke better. I spoke the best.
C. Kinds of Adverbs
D. Explanations
1. ADVERBS OF MANNER
Adverbs of manner tell us how something happens. They are usually placed after the main verb or after the object. They provide information on how someone does something.
Example:
- she swims well
- I ran quickly
- they spoke loudly
three examples above show the adverbs are placed after the main verbs, they are called adverbs of manners.
Note: The adverb should not be put between the verb and the object
Example:
- incorrect: she ate greedily the chocolate cake
- correct: she ate the chocolate cake greedily
2. ADVERBS OF PLACE
Adverbs of place tell us where something happens.
They are usually placed after the main verb or after the object
They are usually placed after the main verb or after the object
Example:
a. after the main verb:
- you looked everywhere
- Eka looked up
- I'm going home
b. after the object:
- They built a apartment nearby
- they took the dog outside
c. Here and there
With verbs of movement, here means towards or with the speaker
Example:
- Over here
- Come here
There means away from, or not with the speaker
Example:
- Over there
- Put it there
3. ADVERBS OF TIME
Adverbs of time provide information on when something happens, Adverbs of time tell us when an action happened, how long and how often
a. When: today, yesterday, later, now, last year
b. For how long: all day, not long, for a while, since last year-
c. How often: sometimes, frequently, never, often, yearly
d. Yet and still
Explanations:
a. When adverbs are usually placed at the end of the sentence
Examples:
- We'll let you know our decision next week.
- Goldilocks went to the Bears' house yesterday.
- I'm going to tidy my room tomorrow.
Note: but some when adverbs can be put in other positions to give a different emphasis
example:
- Later Goldilocks ate some porridge. (the time is more important)
- Goldilocks later ate some porridge. (this is more formal, like a policeman's report)
- Goldilocks ate some porridge later. (this is neutral, no particular emphasis)
b. For how long adverbs are usually placed at the end of the sentence
Example:
- he slept in the Bears' house all night
- My Father lived in Paris for a year
Note: for is always followed by an expression of duration
- for three days,
- for a week,
- for several years,
- for two centuries.
since is always followed by an expression of a point in time
- since Monday
- since 1999
- since the last war
c. How often adverbs expressing the frequency of an action are usually placed before the main verb but after auxiliary verbs
Examples:
- I often eat vegetarian food. (before the main verb)
- He never drinks milk. (before the main verb)
- You must always fasten your seat belt. (after the auxiliary must)
- She is never sea-sick.(after the auxiliary is)
- I have never forgotten my first kiss. (after the auxiliary have and before the main verb forgotten)
But, Some how often adverbs express the exact number of times an action happens and are usually placed at the end of the sentence:
Examples:
- This magazine is published monthly.
- He visits his mother once a week.
d. Yet and still
Yet is used in questions and in negative sentences, and is placed at the end of the sentence or after not
Examples:
- Have you finished your work yet? (a simple request for information) No, not yet. (simple negative answer)
- They have not met him yet. (simple negative statement)
- Have not you finished yet? (expressing slight surprise)
Still expresses continuity, it is used in positive sentences and questions, and is placed before the main verb and after auxiliary verbs
Examples:
- She is still young
- She is still waiting for me
- Are you still there?
- Do you still work for the company?
4. ADVERBS OF CERTAINTY
These adverbs express how certain or sure we feel about an action or event
Common adverbs of certainty are:
- Certainly
- Definitely
- Probably
- Undoubtedly
- surely
Adverbs of certainty go before the main verb but after the verb 'to be'
Examples:
- He definitely left the house this morning.
- He is probably in the park.
With other auxiliary verb, these adverbs go between the auxiliary and the main verb
Examples:
- He has certainly forgotten the meeting.
- He will probably remember tomorrow.
Sometimes these adverbs can be placed at the beginning of the sentence
Example:
- Undoubtedly, Winston Churchill was a great politician.
Note: with surely. When it is placed at the beginning of the sentence, it means the speaker thinks something is true, but is looking for confirmation:
Example:
Surely you've got a bicycle?
5. ADVERBS OF DEGREE
Adverbs of degree provide information concerning how much of something is done. Adverbs of degree tell us about the intensity or degree of an action, an adjective or another adverb.
Common adverbs of degree are:
Almost, Nearly, Quite, Just, Too, Enough, Hardly, Scarcely, Completely, Very, Extremely
These adverbs are usually placed before the adjective or adverb they are modifying and before the main verb.
Examples:
- before the adjective or adverb they are modifying:
The water was extremely cold.
The water was extremely cold.
- before the main verb:
He was just leaving. She has almost finished
He was just leaving. She has almost finished
a. Enough, very, too
Enough as an adverb meaning 'to the necessary degree' goes after adjectives and adverbs
Example:
- was her tea hot enough? (adjective)
- you did not work hard enough. (adverb)
It also goes before nouns, and means as much as is necessary. In this case it is not an adverb, but a determiner
Example:
- I have enough rice
- They do not have enough water
Too as an adverb meaning 'more than is necessary or useful' goes before adjectives and adverbs, e.g.
- This coffee is too hot. (adjective)
- He works too hard. (adverb)
b. Enough and too with adjectives can be followed by 'for someone/something'
Example:
- The shoe was big enough for me
- He is not experienced enough for this event
- The tea was too hot for her
- The sneakers was too small for me
We can also use 'to + infinitive' after enough and too with adjectives/adverb.
Example:
- The rice was too hot to eat
- He did not work hard enough to pass the exam
- He is not old enough to watch the movie
- you are too young to have children
-
c. Very goes before an adverb or adjective to make it stronger.
Example:
- The girl was very beautiful. (adjective)
- He worked very quickly. (adverb)
If we want to make a negative form of an adjective or adverb, we can use a word of opposite meaning, or not very.
Example:
- The girl was ugly OR The girl was not very beautiful
- He worked slowly OR He did not work very quickly
Note: There is a big difference between too and very.
- Very expresses a fact:
He speaks very quickly
He speaks very quickly
- Too suggests there is a problem:
He speaks too quickly (for me to understand).
He speaks too quickly (for me to understand).
6. INTERROGATIVE ADVERBS
The interrogative adverbs are : why, where, how, when
Usually, They are placed at the beginning of a question
Examples:
- Why are you too hungry?
- Where is your card id?
- How are you?
- How much is your money?
- When does the bus arrive?
7. RELATIVE ADVERBS
Relative adverbs are used to connecting or joining between two sentences to be one.
Relative Adverbs are in some respect same in form as the interrogative adverbs. But the basic difference that they do not ask questions, rather join two sentences. So you have the sole right to define relative adverb in two ways. It can be used as an adverb and on the other hand it may be used as a conjunction.
where, when, why
Examples:
- That is the cafe where we met for the first time.
where means: at or in the place
where means: at or in the place
- I forget the day when we first met
when means on which
when means on which
- There was a very hot summer the year when he dead.
when means in which or the time
when means in which or the time
- Tell me the reason why you left me
why means for which
why means for which
8. VIEWPOINT AND COMMENTING ADVERBS
These adverbs are placed at the beginning of the sentence and are separated from the rest of the sentence by a comma.
Adverbs of comment provide a comment, or opinion about a situation. These adverbs and expressions tell us about opinions from the speaker about an action, or make some comment.
Some common Viewpoint adverbs:
honestly, seriously, confidentially, personally, surprisingly, ideally, economically, officially, obviously, clearly, surely, undoubtedly.
Examples:
- Personally, I would rather go by bus
- Surprisingly, this plane is cheaper than the smaller model
- Geographically, Britain is rather cut off from the rest of Europe
For commenting:
- She is certainly the best person for the job
- You obviously enjoyed your drink
These are very similar to viewpoint adverbs, and often the same words, but they go in a different position - after the verb to be and before the main verb.
Some common Commenting adverbs:
definitely, certainly, obviously, simply
Some common Commenting adverbs:
definitely, certainly, obviously, simply
Conclusion:
Adverbs are the words that to explain more detail of the verbs meaning. This word usually be placed after the verb. Usually, if they from adjective words, they will be added –ly after the words, but not always the adjective words have ending –ly be considered as adverb words, sometimes they are adjectives, Adverbs can modify as adjectives, but an adjective cannot modify as an adverb. In my opinion, this problem depends on the places of the words, if it is an adjective it is placed before noun or after “to be”, whereas an adverb is placed after verb or like their rules above have been explained. Adverb has many kinds, There are: Adverbs of manner, Adverbs of place, Adverbs of certainty, Adverbs of degree, Interrogative adverbs, Relative adverbs, Viewpoint and commenting adverbs, each of them has their own rules.
Sources:
Tidak ada komentar:
Posting Komentar